FBAR

If you have a financial interest in or signature authority over a foreign bank account and failed to file an FBAR — the Report of Foreign Bank and Financial Accounts — you may be facing some of the most severe civil penalties in the U.S. tax system.

We’re talking about penalties that can exceed the value of the account itself. This is not a situation to ignore or handle without experienced representation.

What Is an FBAR?

The FBAR — officially FinCEN Form 114 — is a filing requirement for U.S. persons who have a financial interest in or signature authority over one or more foreign financial accounts with an aggregate value exceeding $10,000 at any point during the calendar year.

The FBAR is filed with the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN), a bureau of the U.S. Treasury — not with the IRS. However, the IRS is responsible for enforcing FBAR compliance and assessing penalties for violations.

Who must file includes:

U.S. citizens and residents with foreign bank accounts
Business owners with foreign corporate accounts
Executives with signature authority over foreign accounts — even if they have no ownership interest
Trustees and beneficiaries of certain foreign trusts
Anyone with an interest in a foreign mutual fund, brokerage account, or insurance policy with a cash value

The filing deadline is April 15 each year, with an automatic extension to October 15.

The Penalties Are Severe

This is where FBAR violations become a serious financial threat. The penalty structure is deliberately aggressive — FBAR was created under the Bank Secrecy Act to combat offshore tax evasion, and the penalties reflect that origin.

Violation
Category

IRS Penalty Provisions

Non-willful violations
(Negligence or oversight)

Up to $10,000 per violation, per year. A “violation” is typically one account for one year. Multiple accounts over multiple years can stack quickly.

Willful violations (Intentional non-filing)

Up to the greater of $100,000 or 50% of the account balance per violation, per year. Multiple years can result in penalties exceeding total value. Criminal prosecution is possible.

Example: A taxpayer with two foreign accounts averaging $500,000 combined who willfully failed to file for five years could theoretically face penalties of $1.25 million or more — on top of any unpaid taxes and interest.

Non-Willful vs. Willful: Why the Distinction Matters Enormously

The difference between a non-willful and willful determination can mean the difference between a manageable penalty and financial devastation. The IRS makes this determination based on the facts and circumstances of each case.

Factors the IRS considers in a willful determination include:

Whether you knew about the foreign account reporting requirement
Whether you received advice from a tax professional
Whether you checked “No” on Schedule B of your Form 1040 when asked about foreign accounts
Whether you took active steps to conceal the account
The size and duration of the account

The critical point: even “willful blindness” — deliberately avoiding learning about your obligations — can be treated as willfulness. You don’t have to have known and intentionally disregarded the requirement. Simply choosing not to ask can be enough.

This is exactly why representation by a qualified tax professional is essential before you make any voluntary disclosures or respond to IRS inquiries.

What Are Your Options?

Path A

Streamlined Filing Compliance Procedures

For taxpayers whose FBAR failures were non-willful, the IRS offers the Streamlined Filing Compliance Procedures — a significantly reduced penalty framework designed to bring compliant taxpayers back into compliance.

There are two versions:

Streamlined Domestic Offshore Procedures (SDOP) — for U.S. residents. Requires filing amended returns, paying back taxes and interest, and paying a miscellaneous offshore penalty of 5% of the highest aggregate balance of the unreported accounts.
Streamlined Foreign Offshore Procedures (SFOP) — for taxpayers residing outside the U.S. No offshore penalty applies.

To qualify, your conduct must have been non-willful and you must not be under IRS examination.

Path B

Delinquent FBAR Submission Procedures

If you failed to file FBARs but have no unreported income related to the foreign accounts, you may be able to simply file the delinquent FBARs with a statement of explanation — potentially with no penalty.

Path C

Voluntary Disclosure

For taxpayers with willful violations or significant unreported income, the IRS Criminal Investigation Voluntary Disclosure Practice (VDP) provides a path to resolve potential criminal exposure. It is more complex, more expensive, and carries higher penalties than the streamlined procedures — but it can protect you from criminal prosecution.

Path D

IRS Examination and Appeals

If the IRS has already opened an examination or assessed FBAR penalties, you have the right to challenge the assessment through the IRS appeals process and, if necessary, federal court. Recent court decisions have placed important limits on IRS FBAR penalty assessments — this is an evolving area of law where experienced representation can make a significant difference.

Why FBAR Cases Require Specialized Representation

FBAR compliance sits at the intersection of tax law, criminal law, and international financial regulation. It is one of the most technically complex areas in the entire tax controversy space. A misstep in how you characterize your conduct — or how you make a voluntary disclosure — can turn a manageable civil matter into a criminal one.

The attorney-client privilege is also a critical consideration in FBAR matters. Disclosures made to a CPA or enrolled agent may not be protected the same way as communications with an attorney. In cases with potential criminal exposure, working with a firm that includes a licensed tax attorney is not optional — it is essential.

At BlackRidge Tax, our team includes a tax attorney with an LLM in Taxation and a lead practitioner who is a licensed attorney, CPA, enrolled agent, and Certified Legal Specialist in Taxation. We handle FBAR matters at every stage — from voluntary disclosure to IRS examination to federal court appeals.

Common Scenarios We See

The uninformed account holder — a U.S. citizen with a foreign inheritance, a foreign spouse’s joint account, or a business account opened abroad who never knew about the FBAR requirement. Streamlined procedures are often the right path here.
The executive with signature authority — a CFO or treasurer who had signature authority over corporate foreign accounts but no ownership interest. Often genuinely unaware of the filing obligation. Non-willful treatment is frequently available.
The offshore investor — a high-net-worth individual with offshore accounts, foreign trusts, or foreign investment structures who received poor advice or no advice about U.S. reporting obligations. These cases require careful analysis before any disclosure.
The IRS notice recipient — a taxpayer who has already received an IRS notice regarding FBAR non-compliance. Time is critical. Options narrow once the IRS has opened an examination.

BlackRidge Tax Can Help

FBAR penalties are among the most financially devastating in the tax code. But with the right representation and the right strategy, most situations can be resolved — and in many cases, penalties can be significantly reduced or eliminated entirely.

If you have unreported foreign accounts or have received an IRS notice related to FBAR compliance, do not respond without experienced representation. The decisions you make in the first stages of this process will determine the outcome.

Next Steps

Protect your assets from FBAR penalties.

Confidential analysis of your offshore reporting requirements.